The Namami Gange Programme, launched in 2014 by the Government of India, represents one of the most comprehensive initiatives to restore the Ganga River through pollution abatement, ecological restoration, capacity building, and community engagement. Against available resources of Rs.20,424.82 crore for 2014-2023, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has disbursed Rs.16,648.49 crore, about 82% of budgetary provisions. The programme’s Rs.42,500 crore financial outlay serves as a sanctioning space rather than an immediate expenditure target, covering current spending and future commitments over a 17-year infrastructure lifecycle. The Hybrid Annuity Model…
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